Forced Labor
Expansion of Forced Labor
From the start, forced labor was a fundamental part of prisoner life in the concentration camps. While, after Hitlers rise to power, in the initial construction period of the concentration camps, they were mainly used to "correct", punish and spread terror, from 1937 economic aspects increasingly came into the picture and inmates were initially used in SS-owned businesses as slave laborers.
The territory of the Czech Republic was considered fairly safe from bombings during the Nazi regime. Especially in the final stages of World War II, this lead the concentration camps of Auschwitz, Flossenbürg (eastern Bavaria) und Groß-Rosen (Lower Silesia) to establish an extensive system of subcamps for armament production in the Sudetengau, the border areas which had been annexed by the German "Reich" in 1938, and in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia.
These subcamps were first established in armament factories which set up shop in the vicinity of the main camps. Another use the prisoner labor was put to until 1941/42 was in the "Baukommandos", the construction units. The first subcamp on Czech territory was opened in August 1942 to prepare for the exploitation of a mineral water spring for the SS-owned bottling company "Sudetenquell GmbH" in the West Bohemian town of Korunní.
Subcamps of KZ Flossenbürg
Map: KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg (Memorial Flossenbürg)
In 1942 the SS improved the organisational conditions of the concentration camp labor program by centralizing the various administrative tasks in the newly created "Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt" (SS-WVHA, Economic and Administrative Head Office). The forced laborers were to be lent to private companies. Corporations could register requests for prisoners to the SS-WVHA and in case of a positive decision, the relevant concentration camp was instructed to erect a subcamp and organize guards. In other cases, prisoners were offered to companies by state authorities. Companies would pay a fee to the SS, according to gender and "qualifications" of the prisoner, and arrange for accommodation and provisions for prisoners and their guards.
Starting in mid 1944 and within a few months, the network of subcamps was expanded massively over the entire territory occupied by the "Reich". While in April of 1944 there had been 20 main camps and 130 subcamps for the state and private economies, the number of theses subcamps had increased to about 1000 by the end of the war. 90 percent of the 40 camps on the territory of the Czech Republic in existence by the end of the war had been built in the last year of the war. Partly, these camps were set up in places of existing camps structures, such as the "Schmelt" camps (non-KZ Jewish slave labor) in the Giant Mountains, which were partly incorporated into the Groß-Rosen camp network. The majority of subcamps set up in Czech lands in 1944 were female camps.
Apart from companies from the "Altreich" (Germany in its pre-1938 borders), such as AEG, Auto-Union, Dynamit Nobel, Siemens, Telefunken and their subsidiaries, who moved production to the Sudetengau and the "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", local companies also made bids for armament contracts and the allocation of subcamps to their production facilities. Especially the north Bohemian textile manufacturing businesses, who were already "experienced" with the use of Jewish forced laborers, employed prisoners from Groß-Rosen on a grand scale. The SS employed prisoners, from Auschwitz and Flossenbürg, in their own companies, the porcelain factory "Bohemia" in Nová Role, or the north Moravian "Freudenthaler Getränke GmbH".
The majority of these subcamps were situated in the "Sudetenland" border areas. Only few foreign workers and concentration camp prisoners were deployed to the protectorate, due to misgivings of Karl Hermann Frank, state minister for Bohemia and Moravia. Though the SS was able to establish four smaller construction camp detachments since the end of 1943, these were sent to work on the SS proving ground "Beneschau" in Hradištko (German: Hradischko) and Vrchotovy Janovice (Janowitz) south of Prague and some smaller camps in Panenské Břežany (Jungfernbreschan) and Brno (Brünn).
Subcamps of KZ Gross-Rosen
| 4. Bernsdorf (Bernartice) | 54. Mährisch Weißwasser (Bilá Voda) |
| 14. Brünnlitz (Brněnec) | 57. Morchenstern (Smržovka) |
| 23. Gablonz (Jablonec nad Nisou) | 62. Ober Altstadt (Hořejší Staré Město) |
| 24. Gabersdorf (Libeč) | 63. Ober Hohenelbe (Hořejší Vrchlabí) |
| 33. Grulich (Králíky) | 64. Parschnitz (Poříčí) |
| 37. Halbstadt (Meziměstí) | 68. Reichenau (Rychnov u Jablonce nad Nisou) |
| 45. Kratzau I (Chrastava) | 72. Schatzler (Žacléř) |
| 46. Kratzau II (Chrastava) | 75. Sankt Georgenthal (Jiřetín) |
Project objectives
The 21 Flossenbürg, 18 Groß-Rosen and three Auschwitz subcamps on the territory of the Czech Republic known to historians, are today widely forgotten. This project intends to include completely distinct places of KZ forced labor into one research undertaking. One cannot compare the Kommando of 15 Jehovah's Witnesses who were deployed in the private household of Reinhard Heydrich's widow in Panenské Břežany (Jungfernbreschan), received sufficient rations and all survived the war to those in the "Knochenmühle" ("bone mill") in Litoměřice (Leitmeritz). There, in the relocation underground of the production facilities of Auto-Union and Osram, due to an insufficient diet, catastrophic sanitation, disease, work accidents and excessive violence from the guards, thousands of prisoners died.
Apart from the basic questions about some subcamps that have thus far not been answered, we also propose to closely define the role of the economic as well as the governmental entities who collaborated in the, sometimes linear, sometimes parallel, construction of the system of labor camps for concentration camp prisoners and other forced laborers. Special emphasis shall be put on conditions in the concentration camp subcamps and the working conditions for concentration camp prisoners, as well as for non-KZ forced laborers often employed in the same places.
You can also visit
Last Friday, a group of exchange students from the USA visited us in Jáchymka for a workshop we organised in cooperation with @vertoeducation. During the time we spent together, we discussed the repressions and regulations that gradually eroded the rights of Jews in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and how they affected them. In one activity we discussed what an ordinary day might be like for us, and then we saw how, over time, personal life became more and more restricted and participation in society was forbidden.
One of the tasks of our Institute is to draw attention to the historical events and context of the phenomenon for which the name Holocaust has been adopted. One of the most tragic events that officially triggered the Nazi rampage and the persecution of the Jewish population of Europe happened exactly 86 years ago, on the night of 9-10 November. The Nazis themselves called it Kristallnacht, after the shattered windows of Jewish shops, homes and synagogues. Post-war history also knows it as the Reich Pogrom.
Last Saturday afyn.cz got together and held their very own zine workshop.
The history of zines (which are small DIY magazines) is characterised by their use by marginalised groups in particular to express themselves artistically and the issues that mattered to them, both cheaply and quickly. After learning about the rich history of zines, we got right down to making our own. At the end of the workshop we presented our little creations to each other and saw all the beautiful ways in which zines can be used: From making your own little comic book to creating an informative brochure, anything is possible.
On the occasion of the German publication of F. R. Kraus' book Gas, Gas, Then Fire, one of the very first reports on the Holocaust, a there will be a meeting with the author's son and ITI Director Tomas Kraus. The event is held, among others, in cooperation with our long-time partner Brücke-Most-Stiftung.
It is with deep sadness that we have received the news of the death of Professor Yehuda Bauer, one of the world's foremost historians of the Holocaust and anti-Semitism. His research and teaching contributed greatly to our understanding of the tragic events of the 20th century and their implications for contemporary society. His determination to lead us to a deeper understanding of human nature and the need to combat hatred and intolerance will always remain an inspiration.
The Terezín Initiative Institute expresses its deepest condolences to his family and all those who were affected by his life and work.
In Professor Bauer we are losing not only an expert, whose opinion has always been extremely valuable to us, but also a compatriot and close friend.
This week, Thomas and Laurenz visited the School of International and Public Relations in Prague-Nusle and held a workshop there with pupils from the Matura classes. The activity ‘Just an ordinary day’ was used to illustrate the effects of anti-Jewish laws and regulations during the Nazi era. In group work, the participants were able to compile and analyse information about the actual circumstances using original documents.
We would like to thank you for the invitation and the lively discussions with the pupils.
As an institute, our work is based on three main pillars:
- The Institute researches the history of Nazi persecution in the Czech lands and Europe.
- It commemorates and documents its victims.
- It educates against manifestations of racism, anti-Semitism, and xenophobia.
Education is a key tool for preventing anti-Semitism, racism, xenophobia, and other forms of hatred that led to tragedies such as the Holocaust. Essential elements in education include: